|
Year |
Article |
Country* |
Achievement |
|
1901 |
Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad |
Germany |
discovery of X rays |
|
1902 |
Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon |
The Netherlands |
investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation |
|
|
Zeeman, Pieter |
The Netherlands |
investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation |
|
1903 |
Becquerel, Henri |
France |
discovery of spontaneous radioactivity |
|
|
Curie, Marie |
France |
investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel |
|
|
Curie, Pierre |
France |
investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel |
|
1904 |
Rayleigh (of Terling Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron |
U.K. |
discovery of argon |
|
1905 |
Lenard, Philipp |
Germany |
research on cathode rays |
|
1906 |
Thomson, Sir J.J. |
U.K. |
researches into electrical conductivity of gases |
|
1907 |
Michelson, A.A. |
U.S. |
spectroscopic and metrological investigations |
|
1908 |
Lippmann, Gabriel |
France |
photographic reproduction of colours |
|
1909 |
Braun, Ferdinand |
Germany |
development of wireless telegraphy |
|
|
Marconi, Guglielmo |
Italy |
development of wireless telegraphy |
|
1910 |
Waals, Johannes Diederik van der |
The Netherlands |
research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids |
|
1911 |
Wien, Wilhelm |
Germany |
discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation |
|
1912 |
Dalén, Nils |
Sweden |
invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys |
|
1913 |
Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike |
The Netherlands |
investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium
|
|
1914 |
Laue, Max von |
Germany |
discovery of diffraction of X rays by crystals |
|
1915 |
Bragg, Sir Lawrence |
U.K. |
analysis of crystal structure by means of X rays |
|
|
Bragg, Sir William |
U.K. |
analysis of crystal structure by means of X rays |
|
1917 |
Barkla, Charles Glover |
U.K. |
discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements |
|
1918 |
Planck, Max |
Germany |
discovery of the elemental quanta |
|
1919 |
Stark, Johannes |
Germany |
discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric field |
|
1920 |
Guillaume, Charles Édouard |
Switzerland |
discovery of anomalies in alloys |
|
1921 |
Einstein, Albert |
Switzerland |
work in theoretical physics |
|
1922 |
Bohr, Niels |
Denmark |
investigation of atomic structure and radiation |
|
1923 |
Millikan, Robert Andrews |
U.S. |
work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect |
|
1924 |
Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg |
Sweden |
work in X-ray spectroscopy |
|
1925 |
Franck, James |
Germany |
discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom |
|
|
Hertz, Gustav |
Germany |
discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom |
|
1926 |
Perrin, Jean |
France |
work on discontinuous structure of matter |
|
1927 |
Compton, Arthur Holly |
U.S. |
discovery of wavelength change in diffused X rays |
|
|
Wilson, C.T.R. |
U.K. |
method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles |
|
1928 |
Richardson, Sir Owen Willans |
U.K. |
work on electron emission by hot metals |
|
1929 |
Broglie, Louis-Victor, 7e duc (duke) de |
France |
discovery of the wave nature of electrons |
|
1930 |
Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata |
India |
work on light diffusion; discovery of Raman effect |
|
1932 |
Heisenberg, Werner |
Germany |
creation of quantum mechanics |
|
1933 |
Dirac, P.A.M. |
U.K. |
introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics |
|
|
Schrödinger, Erwin |
Austria |
introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics |
|
1935 |
Chadwick, Sir James |
U.K. |
discovery of the neutron |
|
1936 |
Anderson, Carl David |
U.S. |
discovery of the positron |
|
|
Hess, Victor Francis |
Austria |
discovery of cosmic radiation |
|
1937 |
Davisson, Clinton Joseph |
U.S. |
experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons |
|
|
Thomson, Sir George Paget |
U.K. |
experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons |
|
1938 |
Fermi, Enrico |
Italy |
disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation |
|
1939 |
Lawrence, Ernest Orlando |
U.S. |
invention of the cyclotron |
|
1943 |
Stern, Otto |
U.S. |
discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton |
|
1944 |
Rabi, Isidor Isaac |
U.S. |
resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei |
|
1945 |
Pauli, Wolfgang |
Austria |
discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons |
|
1946 |
Bridgman, Percy Williams |
U.S. |
discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics |
|
1947 |
Appleton, Sir Edward Victor |
U.K. |
discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmosphere |
|
1948 |
Blackett, Patrick M.S. |
U.K. |
discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation |
|
1949 |
Yukawa Hideki |
Japan |
prediction of the existence of mesons |
|
1950 |
Powell, Cecil Frank |
U.K. |
photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons |
|
1951 |
Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas |
U.K. |
work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles |
|
|
Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton |
Ireland |
work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles |
|
1952 |
Bloch, Felix |
U.S. |
discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids |
|
|
Purcell, E.M. |
U.S. |
discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids |
|
1953 |
Zernike, Frits |
The Netherlands |
method of phase-contrast microscopy |
|
1954 |
Born, Max |
U.K. |
statistical studies of atomic wave functions |
|
|
Bothe, Walther |
West Germany |
invention of coincidence method |
|
1955 |
Kusch, Polykarp |
U.S. |
measurement of magnetic moment of electron |
|
|
Lamb, Willis Eugene, Jr. |
U.S. |
discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum |
|
1956 |
Bardeen, John |
U.S. |
investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor |
|
|
Brattain, Walter H. |
U.S. |
investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor |
|
|
Shockley, William B. |
U.S. |
investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor |
|
1957 |
Lee, Tsung-Dao |
China |
discovery of violations of the principle of parity |
|
|
Yang, Chen Ning |
China |
discovery of violations of the principle of parity |
|
1958 |
Cherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich |
U.S.S.R. |
discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect |
|
|
Frank, Ilya Mikhaylovich |
U.S.S.R. |
discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect |
|
|
Tamm, Igor Yevgenyevich |
U.S.S.R. |
discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect |
|
1959 |
Chamberlain, Owen |
U.S. |
confirmation of the existence of the antiproton |
|
|
Segrè, Emilio |
U.S. |
confirmation of the existence of the antiproton |
|
1960 |
Glaser, Donald A. |
U.S. |
development of the bubble chamber |
|
1961 |
Hofstadter, Robert |
U.S. |
determination of shape and size of atomic nucleons |
|
|
Mössbauer, Rudolf Ludwig |
West Germany |
discovery of the Mössbauer effect |
|
1962 |
Landau, Lev Davidovich |
U.S.S.R. |
contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter |
|
1963 |
Jensen, J. Hans D. |
West Germany |
development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei |
|
|
Mayer, Maria Goeppert |
U.S. |
development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei |
|
|
Wigner, Eugene Paul |
U.S. |
principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
|
1964 |
Basov, Nikolay Gennadiyevich |
U.S.S.R. |
work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles |
|
|
Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaylovich |
U.S.S.R. |
work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles |
|
|
Townes, Charles Hard |
U.S. |
work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles |
|
1965 |
Feynman, Richard P. |
U.S. |
basic principles of quantum electrodynamics |
|
|
Schwinger, Julian Seymour |
U.S. |
basic principles of quantum electrodynamics |
|
|
Tomonaga Shin'ichiro |
Japan |
basic principles of quantum electrodynamics |
|
1966 |
Kastler, Alfred |
France |
discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms |
|
1967 |
Bethe, Hans Albrecht |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning the energy production of stars |
|
1968 |
Alvarez, Luis W. |
U.S. |
work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states |
|
1969 |
Gell-Mann, Murray |
U.S. |
classification of elementary particles and their interactions |
|
1970 |
Alfvén, Hannes |
Sweden |
work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism |
|
|
Néel, Louis-Eugène-Félix |
France |
work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism |
|
1971 |
Gabor, Dennis |
U.K. |
invention of holography |
|
1972 |
Bardeen, John |
U.S. |
development of the theory of superconductivity |
|
|
Cooper, Leon N. |
U.S. |
development of the theory of superconductivity |
|
|
Schrieffer, John Robert |
U.S. |
development of the theory of superconductivity |
|
1973 |
Esaki, Leo |
Japan |
tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors |
|
|
Giaever, Ivar |
U.S. |
tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors |
|
|
Josephson, Brian D. |
U.K. |
tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors |
|
1974 |
Hewish, Antony |
U.K. |
work in radio astronomy |
|
|
Ryle, Sir Martin |
U.K. |
work in radio astronomy |
|
1975 |
Bohr, Aage N. |
Denmark |
work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion |
|
|
Mottelson, Ben R. |
Denmark |
work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion |
|
|
Rainwater, James |
U.S. |
work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion |
|
1976 |
Richter, Burton |
U.S. |
discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) |
|
|
Ting, Samuel C.C. |
U.S. |
discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) |
|
1977 |
Anderson, Philip W. |
U.S. |
contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids |
|
|
Mott, Sir Nevill F. |
U.K. |
contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids |
|
|
Van Vleck, John H. |
U.S. |
contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids |
|
1978 |
Kapitsa, Pyotr Leonidovich |
U.S.S.R. |
invention and application of helium liquefier |
|
|
Penzias, Arno |
U.S. |
discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory |
|
|
Wilson, Robert Woodrow |
U.S. |
discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory |
|
1979 |
Glashow, Sheldon Lee |
U.S. |
unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles |
|
|
Salam, Abdus |
Pakistan |
unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles |
|
|
Weinberg, Steven |
U.S. |
unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles |
|
1980 |
Cronin, James Watson |
U.S. |
demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries |
|
|
Fitch, Val Logsdon |
U.S. |
demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries |
|
1981 |
Bloembergen, Nicolaas |
U.S. |
applications of lasers in spectroscopy |
|
|
Schawlow, Arthur Leonard |
U.S. |
applications of lasers in spectroscopy |
|
|
Siegbahn, Kai Manne Börje |
Sweden |
electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis |
|
1982 |
Wilson, Kenneth Geddes |
U.S. |
analysis of continuous phase transitions |
|
1983 |
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan |
U.S. |
contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars |
|
|
Fowler, William A. |
U.S. |
contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars |
|
1984 |
Meer, Simon van der |
The Netherlands |
discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory |
|
|
Rubbia, Carlo |
Italy |
discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory |
|
1985 |
Klitzing, Klaus von |
West Germany |
discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance |
|
1986 |
Binnig, Gerd |
West Germany |
development of special electron microscopes |
|
|
Rohrer, Heinrich |
Switzerland |
development of special electron microscopes |
|
|
Ruska, Ernst |
West Germany |
development of special electron microscopes |
|
1987 |
Bednorz, J. Georg |
West Germany |
discovery of new superconducting materials |
|
|
Müller, Karl Alex |
Switzerland |
discovery of new superconducting materials |
|
1988 |
Lederman, Leon Max |
U.S. |
research in subatomic particles |
|
|
Schwartz, Melvin |
U.S. |
research in subatomic particles |
|
|
Steinberger, Jack |
U.S. |
research in subatomic particles |
|
1989 |
Dehmelt, Hans Georg |
U.S. |
development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study |
|
|
Paul, Wolfgang |
West Germany |
development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study |
|
|
Ramsey, Norman Foster |
U.S. |
development of the atomic clock |
|
1990 |
Friedman, Jerome Isaac |
U.S. |
discovery of atomic quarks |
|
|
Kendall, Henry Way |
U.S. |
discovery of atomic quarks |
|
|
Taylor, Richard E. |
Canada |
discovery of atomic quarks |
|
1991 |
Gennes, Pierre-Gilles de |
France |
discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules |
|
1992 |
Charpak, Georges |
France |
inventor of detector that traces subatomic particles |
|
1993 |
Hulse, Russell Alan |
U.S. |
identifying binary pulsars |
|
|
Taylor, Joseph H., Jr. |
U.S. |
identifying binary pulsars |
|
1994 |
Brockhouse, Bertram N. |
Canada |
development of neutron-scattering techniques |
|
|
Shull, Clifford G. |
U.S. |
development of neutron-scattering techniques |
|
1995 |
Perl, Martin Lewis |
U.S. |
discovery of tau subatomic particle |
|
|
Reines, Frederick |
U.S. |
discovery of neutrino subatomic particle |
|
1996 |
Lee, David M. |
U.S. |
discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 |
|
|
Osheroff, Douglas D. |
U.S. |
discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 |
|
|
Richardson, Robert C. |
U.S. |
discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 |
